-Ho Fetola Tlhahlobo ea Mafu a Kelello ka Pokello ea Tlhahlobo ea Tiered Multiplex ho Tsamaisanang le Litataiso tsa WHO tsa 2025-2026
1.Thaba ea Leqhoa e ka Tlas'a Bokaholimo
Bekeng ena,La 12–18 Mmesa, 2026, e tšoaea Beke ea Tlhokomeliso ea Mafu a Kelello. Sehlooho sa beke ena se sebetsa e le khopotso e matla: moroalo oa lefats'e oa mafu a tšoaetsanoang ka thobalano (mafu a likobo) o ntse o nyenyefatsoa haholo. Ho ea ka likhakanyo tsa Mokhatlo oa Lefatše oa Bophelo (WHO), ho na lelinyeoe tse ncha tsa mafu a likobo tse folisoang tse fetang milione letsatsi le letsatsihara batho ba dilemo tse 15-49, e leng se etsang hore ho be le batho ba fetang dimilione tse 374 ba tshwaeditsweng selemo le selemo. Leha ho le jwalo, mefuta yohle ya dikokwana-hloko tsa mafu a tshwaetsanang le thobalano e fetela hole ho feta ditshwaetso tse nne tse tlwaelehileng tse ka phekolwang (chlamydia, gonorrhoea, syphilis, le trichomoniasis). E kenyeletsa mefuta e fapaneng ya dibaktheria (mohlala, Mycoplasma genitalium, mefuta ya Ureaplasma, Gardnerella vaginalis, Sehlopha sa B Streptococcus), divaerase (mefuta ya vaerase ya herpes simplex 1 le 2), protozoa (Trichomonas vaginalis), le fungus (mefuta ya Candida) - tseo bongata ba tsona di sa tshwarweng mefuteng ya setso ya tlhahlobo ya syndromic kapa ya pathogen e le nngwe.
Tlhaho e patehileng ea tšoaetso e sa bontšeng matšoao e ntse e le phephetso ea bohlokoa taolong ea mafu a likobo lefatšeng ka bophara. Litšoaetso tsena tse khutsitseng ha li tsoele pele ka mokhoa o sa reroang feela ho ba lefu la ho ruruha ha pelvic, boimana ba ectopic, ho hloka thari le liphello tse mpe tsa boimana, empa hape li sebetsa e le mehloli e sa khaotseng ea phetisetso, e leng se matlafatsang ho hlaha ha ho hanyetsa likokoana-hloko - haholo-holo bakeng sa N. gonorrhoeae, eo ceftriaxone e leng khetho ea ho qetela e sebetsang linaheng tse ngata.
Khahlanong le semelo sena, WHO e lokollotse ka Phupu 2025 dimmojule tse pedi tsa bohlokwa tsa tataiso tse thehilweng bopaking:Tataiso ea Tsamaiso ea Mafu a Fetisetsoang ka Thobalano a sa Bontšeng Matšoao[1] leLitlhahiso mabapi le Phano ea Litšebeletso tsa Bophelo bo Botle bakeng sa Thibelo le Tlhokomelo ea Mafu a Kelello[2]. Tsena di ile tsa latelwa ka Hlakola 2026 keBuka ea Ts'ebetso e Kopaneng ea WHO mabapi le Mafu a Fetisoang ka Thobalano[3], e kopanyang tataiso eohle e teng ya maemo ho pholletsa le letoto lohle la thibelo le tlhokomelo ya mafu a likobo. Ho feta moo,Kakaretso ea likhothaletso tsa WHO mabapi le liteko tsa HIV le tšoaetso ea thobalano, thibelo, kalafo, tlhokomelo le phano ea litšebeletso[4] e fana ka tlhaloso e felletseng ea tataiso ea hajoale. Litokomane tsena hammoho li bontša tataiso e hlakileng:katolosa tlhahlobo ea STI e thehiloeng ho nucleic acid amplification test (NAAT), haholo-holo har'a baahi ba se nang matšoao, 'me u sebelise maano a liteko a sebetsang hantle, a fumanehang habonolo le a kopaneng.— ho kenyeletsoa le liteko tsa multiplex tse akaretsang mefuta e mengata ea likokoana-hloko tekong e le 'ngoe.

Sengoloa sena se hahella hodima potefolio ya tlhahlobo ya dimolekhule ya STI multiplex ya Macro & Micro-Test Biotech Co., Ltd., e tsamaellanang le tataiso ya moraorao e thehilweng bopaking ba WHO. E hlahisa ka mokhoa o hlophisehileng mokgwa wa teko o nang le maemo a fapaneng - ho tloha hoho lemoha sepheo se le seng, liteko tsa triplex, 9-plex, 14-plex, ho isa ho 18-plex— mme e bontsha kamoo maano a nepahetseng, a tenyetsehang, le a sebetsang a ka sebetsanang le ditlhoko tsa tlhahlobo ya mafu a thobalano a se nang matshwao maemong a fapaneng a kliniki.
1.Bopaki ba Motheo bo Tsoang ho Litataiso tsa Morao-rao tsa WHO le Litlamorao tsa Theknoloji ea Tlhahlobo
2.1 Litlhahiso tse Thehiloeng Bopaking bakeng sa Tlhahlobo ea Mafu a Kopanetsoeng a sa Bontšeng Matšoao
TheTataiso ea Tsamaiso ea Mafu a Fetisetsoang ka Thobalano a sa Bontšeng Matšoao(Phupu 2025)[1], e ntshetsweng pele ho sebediswa mokgwa wa GRADE ka ditlhahlobo tse hlophisehileng le ditlhahlobo tsa ditsebi, e shebane haholo le dikgothaletso tse nang le bopaki bakeng sa tlhahlobo ya N. gonorrhoeae le C. trachomatis. Tataiso ena e kgothaletsa ka ho hlaka tlhahlobo e rerilweng ho batho ba bohlokwa moo mehlodi e fumanehang, ho kenyeletswa lebasali ba baimana, bacha ba kopanelang liphate le bacha ba lilemo li 10-24, basebetsi ba thobalano, le banna ba kopanelang liphate le banna (MSM)Litlhahiso tsa makhetlo a tlhahlobo li totobatsabonyane tlhahlobo ea selemo le selemo bakeng sa basebetsi ba thobalano le MSM, kapa likhoeli tse ling le tse ling tse tšeletsengmoo ho ka khonehang.

Ho lokolloa ha litataiso tsena ho tšoaea phetoho e bonahalang leanong la lefats'e la STI - ho tloha ho "ho susumetsoa ke matšoao" ho ea ho "tlhahlobo e mafolofolo." Joalokaha Ngaka Meg Doherty, Motsamaisi oa Mananeo a Lefatše a HIV, Hepatitis le STI a WHO, a boletse: "Likhothaletso tsena tse ncha li ikemiselitse ho koala likheo tse sa feleng tsa leano le litšebeletso, haholo-holo bakeng sa STI tse se nang matšoao, le ho thusa linaha ho potlakela ho ea lipheong tsa 2030"[1].
2.2 Kopanyo ea Litšebeletso le Tumellano ea Lefatše ka Bophara mabapi le Teko ea Multiplex
E lokollotsoe ka nako e le 'ngoeLitlhahiso mabapi le Phano ea Litšebeletso tsa Bophelo bo Botle bakeng sa Thibelo le Tlhokomelo ea Mafu a Kelello(Phupu 2025)[2] e khothalletsa lits'ebeletso tsa bophelo bo botle tse shebaneng le batho ka litšiea tse 'ne:ho arola basebetsi ka bongata, kopanyo, ho arolelana mesebetsi le bophelo bo botle ba dijithaleHaholo-holo, ka Loetse 2025, WHO e phatlalalitse ho theoa ha Sehlopha sa Nts'etsopele ea Tataiso ho nts'etsapelelitataiso tsa pele tsa lefats'e tse thehiloeng bopaking mabapi le liteko tsa multiplex, haholo-holo ho sebetsana le HIV, lefu la sebete la vaerase, le mafu a likobo [5]. WHO e hlalosa tlhahlobo ea multiplex e le "ts'ebetso e sebelisang sampole e le 'ngoe le teko e le 'ngoe kapa sethala ho lemoha tšoaetso e ngata ka nako e le 'ngoe" 'me e hlokomela hore ke "leano le tšepisang la ho ntlafatsa bokhoni, ho atolosa tšireletso ea liteko ho pholletsa le mafu, le ho ntlafatsa katleho ea litšenyehelo" [5].

Sena se bontša horeNAAT e ngata e fetohile ho tloha mokhoeng oa laboratori ho ea sesebelisoa sa bohlokoa bakeng sa leano la lefats'e la bophelo bo botle ba sechaba. Libakeng tse nang le mehloli e fokolang, ho sebelisa tlhahlobo ea likokoana-hloko tse ngata ea sampole e le 'ngoe, e etsoang hang feela ho tla ntlafatsa haholo phihlello ea liteko le katleho ea litšenyehelo - haholo-holo e loketseng tlhahlobo e kholo ea baahi ba se nang matšoao le tlhokomelo e tloaelehileng ea lihlopha tse kotsing e kholo.
2.3 Buka ea Ts'ebetso e Kopaneng ea 2026: Taelo ea Leano bakeng sa Teko ea Multiplex
Buka ea Ts'ebetso e Kopaneng ea WHO mabapi le mafu a likobo (Hlakola 2026)[3] e fana ka moralo oa ts'ebetso bakeng sa ho kopanya lits'ebeletso tsa mafu a likobo ho pholletsa le tlhokomelo ea mantlha, sechaba, HIV, bophelo bo botle ba pelehi le liforomo tsa bophelo bo botle ba 'm'a le ngoana. Bakeng sa leano la tlhahlobo, ho hlaha litaelo tse tharo tsa bohlokoa:
Kopanyo ho pholletsa le li-platform— ho hlokahala disebediswa tsa tlhahlobo tse sebetsang ka botshepehi ka mefuta e mengata ya disampole (moroto, moroto wa urethral, molomo wa popelo, swabs ya botshehadi)
Lithuso tse tsitsitseng tsa lichelete— ha dinaha di fetoha ho tloha tshehetsong ya bafani ho ya ditekanyetsong tsa lehae, ho boloka ditjeo ho ba bohlokwa haholo. Multiplex NAAT e fokotsa ditjeo tsa reagent ka pathogen, nako ya ho sebetsa ka matsoho, le nako ya ho fetola dintho ha ho bapiswa le diteko tse ngata tsa sepheo se le seng, e leng se nolofalletsang ho atoloswa ha kgaso ntle le matsete a lekanang a meralo ya motheo.
Tlhokomelo ea likokoana-hloko— tlhahlobo e felletseng ea pathogen e tšehetsa phekolo e reretsoeng ho feta kalafo ea maiketsetso, leano la bohlokoa la ho fokotsa ho hanyetsana ha likokoana-hloko tsa N. gonorrhoeae.
3. Potefolio ea Lihlahisoa tsa Tlhahlobo ea Mafu a Kelello le a Manyane
3.1 Filosofi ea Moralo: Ho tloha ho Nepahalo ea Sepheo se le Seng ho ea ho Tšireletso e Pharalletseng
Ho latela litlhoko tse thehiloeng bopaking bakeng sa tlhahlobo ea STI e se nang matšoao ho tsoa litataisong tsa WHO [1,2,4] le tumellano ea lefats'e ka bophara mabapi le liteko tsa multiplex e le leano la bophelo bo botle ba sechaba [5], Macro & Micro-Test e hahile lethathamo la liteko tsa nucleic acid tsa STI tse arotsoeng ka mekhahlelo ho tsoa hosepheo se le seng ho isa ho sephara se seholo haholoho lemoha. Lihlahisoa tsohle lia sebelisaPCR ea FluorescencekapaHo Eketsa ha Enzymatic Probe Isothermal (EPIA)liforomo, tse nang le mefuta ea lisampole tse koahelang moroto, li-swab tsa urethral tsa banna, li-swab tsa popelo tsa basali, le li-swab tsa popelo tsa basali, tse amohelang maemo a fapaneng a kliniki le litlhoko tsa tlhahlobo ea baahi.
| Phanele | Sebaka sa Sepheo | Mefuta ea Mehlala | LoD | Kopo ea Bongaka |
| Sepheo se le seng | Pathogen e le 'ngoe | Litlhaka / moroto | Likopi tse 400–1000/mL | Ho belaelloa hore ho na le tšoaetso, tlhokomelo ea kalafo |
| Triplex | Metswako e 3 e tloaelehileng ea likokoana-hloko | Litlhaka / moroto | Likopi tse 400–1000/mL | Tlhahlobo ea mafu a likobo khafetsa, tlhahlobo ea boimana ba pele ho nako |
| 7-Plex | NG, CT, UU, HSV1, HSV2, Mh, Mg | Litlhaka / moroto | Likopi tse 400–1000/mL | Tlhahlobo e felletseng ea tšoaetso ea polymicrobial ho baahi ka kakaretso le ba kotsing e kholo |
| 9-Plex | CT, NG, Mh, HSV1, UU, HSV2, UP, MG, TV | Litlhaka / moroto | Likopi tse 400–1000/mL | Tlhahlobo e felletseng ea tšoaetso ea polymicrobial ho baahi ka kakaretso le ba kotsing e kholo |
| 14-Plex | CT, MG, MH, HSV1, HSV2, UU, UP, MG, CA, GV, TV, GBS, HD, TP | Litlhaka / moroto | Likopi tse 400–1000/mL | Tlhahlobo e felletseng ea tšoaetso ea polymicrobial ho baahi ka kakaretso le ba kotsing e kholo |
| 18-Plex | CT, NG, Mh, HSV1, UU, HSV2, UP, MG, CA, GV, TV, GBS, HD, TP, CKR, CG, CPA, CTR | Litlhaka / moroto | Likopi tse 400–1000/mL | E akaretsa haholo tšoaetso ea likokoana-hloko tse ngata ka kakaretso, lipatlisiso tsa etiological bakeng sa linyeoe tse rarahaneng, tse iphetang, kapa tse hanyetsang; lipatlisiso le epidemiology |
3.2 Ho Fumana Sepheo se le Seng: Sebaka se Nepahetseng le Tlhahlobo e Nepahetseng
Bakeng sa batho ba nang le matšoao a hlakileng a kliniki kapa ba nang le liphetho tsa tlhahlobo ea pele tse bontšang pathogen e itseng, NAAT e nang le sepheo se le seng e fana ka mokhoa o nepahetseng le o theko e tlaase oa ho netefatsa. Macro & Micro-Test e fana ka lisebelisoa tsa sepheo se le seng tse koahelang likokoana-hloko tsohle tse kholo tsa STI, ho kenyeletsoa CT, NG, UU, Mh, MG, TV, HSV1/2, TP, le mefuta ea Candida, ka kutloisiso ea tlhahlobo e tlase ho fihlela hoLikopi tse 50/karabelo(mohlala, HWTS-UR007 HSV-2 detection kit), e fanang ka lintlha tse qaqileng tse fanang ka bopaki bo hlakileng ba etiology ho tataisa kalafo e nepahetseng le tsamaiso ea balekane.
Boemo ba kliniki:Netefatso ea matšoao a belaelloang a tšoaetso ea mafu a likobo; ho lekola ka hloko katleho ea limolek'hule ea lithibela-mafu; liteko tse reretsoeng ho etsoa ka mor'a ho pepesehela tšoaetso e itseng e kotsi haholo.
3.3 Teko ea Triplex: Khetho ea Mohala oa Pele bakeng sa Tlhahlobo ea Motheo
Lihlahisoa tsa Triplex li sebetsa ka mafolofolo bakeng sa tlhahlobo ea mafu a likobo e tloaelehileng. Ka tataiso ea 2025 ea WHO e totobatsang haholo tlhahlobo ea CT le NG [1] le ho nahana ka liprofaele tsa libaka tsa epidemiological, Macro & Micro-Test e hlahisitse metsoako e 'maloa ea triplex:
-HWTS-UR019 (CT + UU + NG): E akaretsa motsoako oa baktheria oa STI o atileng ka ho fetisisa lefatšeng ka bophara;-HWTS-UR043 (CT + UU + MG): Ka Mycoplasma genitalium (MG), e leng ntho ea bohlokoa ka ho fetisisa ea bongaka ka lebaka la khanyetso e hlahang.
-HWTS-UR044 (Mh + UU + GV): Bakeng sa likokoana-hloko tse tloaelehileng tse amanang le vaginosis ea baktheria le tšoaetso e tsoakiloeng ea botšehali.
-HWTS-UR041 (CT + NG + TV): E akaretsa metsoako e tloaelehileng ea mafu a tšoaetsanoang a baktheria le a protozoal.
Boemo ba kliniki:Tlhahlobo ea bophelo bo botle ba mafu a likobo khafetsa le tlhahlobo ea boimana ba pele ho nako (ho thibela phetiso ho tloha ho 'm'a ho ea ho lesea); tlhahlobo ea motheo ea selemo le selemo kapa ea halofo ea selemo bakeng sa batho ba kotsing e kholo (bacha, MSM, basebetsi ba thobalano).
3.4 Teko ea 7-Plex le 9-Plex: Likhetho tse Tsoetseng Pele bakeng sa Tlhahlobo e Felletseng
Ha tlhahlobo ea kotsi ea bongaka e bontša monyetla oa tšoaetso e mengata e tšoanang kapa tlhoko ea tlhahlobo e batsi ea baahi ba kotsing e kholo, lihlahisoa tsa 7-plex le 9-plex li fana ka tšireletso e phahameng ea ho lemoha.
-HWTS-UR012 (7-Plex): E shebana le NG, CT, UU, HSV1, HSV2, Mh, le Mg, e akaretsang dikokwana-hloko tse tlwaelehileng tsa baktheria, vaerase, le mycoplasmal STI. LoD: dikopi tse 400/mL bakeng sa bohle ntle le Mh (dikopi tse 1000/mL).
-HWTS-UR048 (9-Plex): E lemoha CT, NG, Mh, HSV1, UU, HSV2, UP, MG, le TV, likokoana-hloko tse 9 tse koahelang gonococcus, chlamydia, mycoplasmas (ho kenyeletsoa le Ureaplasma parvum), kokoana-hloko ea herpes simplex, le Trichomonas vaginalis, e leng e 'ngoe ea liphanele tse felletseng ka ho fetisisa sehlopheng sa eona.
Boemo ba kliniki:Tlhahlobo e felletseng ea mafu a likobo bakeng sa ts'ebeliso ea kamehla ea bongaka ho baahi ka kakaretso, ho kenyeletsoa batho ba nang le matšoao le ba se nang matšoao; tlhahlobo ea pele ho kemolo le boimana; le tlhahlobo ea bobeli ha liteko tsa pele tse reretsoeng li hlahisa liphetho tse mpe ho sa tsotelehe lipelaelo tse tsoelang pele tsa bongaka.
3.5 Teko ea 14-Plex: Tlhahlobo ea Broad-Spectrum e sa Foseng Pathogen e "Khutsitseng"
Sehlahisoa sa 14-Plex se emela ho phethahala ha theknoloji ha mohopolo oa "tlhahlobo e mafolofolo" o buelloang ke litataiso tsa WHO[1,2].HWTS-UR040e lemoha ka nako e le 'ngoeLikokoana-hloko tse 14 tsa tsamaiso ea genitourinary: CT, NG, Mh, HSV1, HSV2, UU, UP, MG, CA, GV, TV, GBS, HD, le TP. Phanele ena e akaretsa:
-Libaktheria: CT, NG, GV, GBS (Sehlopha sa B Streptococcus, sepheo sa bokhachane)
-Mycoplasmas: Mh, UU, UP, MG (mefuta yohle e mene e tloaelehileng ya mycoplasma)
-Livaerase: HSV1, HSV2, HD
-Protozoa: TV (Trichomonas vaginalis)
-Li-SpirochetesTP (Treponema pallidum, syphilis)
Phanele ena e hakanya haufi-ufi mohlala o motle oa tlhahlobo ea "sampole e le 'ngoe, lipatlisiso tse felletseng", o loketseng haholo lipatlisiso tse hlophisitsoeng tsa etiological ha matšoao a hlakileng kapa libaka tsa tšoaetso li le sieo.
Boemo ba kliniki:Ho se phutholohe ho sa feleng ha litho tsa botona kapa botšehali; tšoaetso ea mafu a tšoaetsanoang khafetsa; tlhahlobo ea tšoaetso ea litho tsa botona kapa botšehali e amanang le ho hloka thari; lipatlisiso tse khethehileng tsa mafu a seoa sechabeng.
3.6 Teko ea 18-Plex: "Tekanyetso ea Khauta" ea Ultra-Broad-Spectrum
HWTS-UR052ke phanele e felletseng ka ho fetisisa ea ho lemoha mafu a mangata a STI ea Macro & Micro-Test ho fihlela joale, e lemohang ka nako e le 'ngoeLikokoana-hloko tse 18 tsa tšoaetso ea tsamaiso ea genitourinary: CT, NG, Mh, HSV1, UU, HSV2, UP, MG, CA, GV, TV, GBS, HD, TP, CKR, CG, CPA, le CTR. Ha e hahuoa holim'a phanele ea 14-Plex, nyehelo ena e atolosa tšireletso ho ea ho palo e pharaletseng ea pathogen, ho kenyeletsoa:
-Chlamydia trachomatistse amanang: CKR, CG, CTR (mofuta oa chlamydial le likokoana-hloko tse amanang le tsona)
-Candidamefuta: CA (Candida albicans) — kokoana-hloko e atileng haholo ea fungus e nkang monyetla ea mokhoa oa botšehali oa basali
Tšireletso e atolositsoeng ea baktheria: Ho kenyeletsoa Gardnerella vaginalis le Sehlopha sa B Streptococcus
Boemo ba kliniki:Phuputso e pharaletseng haholo ea tšoaetso e rarahaneng ea litho tsa botona le botšehali; lipatlisiso le tlhokomelo ea mafu a seoa; linyeoe tse phephetsang tse nang le liphetho tse mpe kamora tlhahlobo e tloaelehileng ea phanele; tlhahlobo e tebileng ea mafu a likobo litsing tsa tlhahlobo ea bophelo bo botle tse phahameng.
4.Ho araba WHO'Pitso ea ho Haha Moeli o Mocha oa Thibelo le Taolo ea Mafu a Kelello
Litaelo tsa WHO tsa 2025-2026 li batla hore ho be le tlhahlobo e atolositsoeng ea matšoao a sa bontšeng matšoao, kopanyo ea litšebeletso le liteko tsa multiplex.Matrix ea sehlahisoa sa tlhahlobo ea limolek'hule tsa STI multiplex ea Macro & Micro-Test, ka moralo oa eona o arotsoeng ka mekhahlelo ho tloha ho lemohuoeng ha sepheo se le seng ho isa ho 18-plex, ke karabelo e tobileng leano lena la bophelo bo botle la lefats'e. Ebang ke tlhahlobo ea kamehla ea triplex e etsoang litsing tsa tlhokomelo ea bophelo bo botle ba mantlha kapa lipatlisiso tse tebileng tse thehiloeng litekong tsa 14-plex kapa 18-plex lipetleleng tse phahameng le lilaboratoring tsa CDC, lihlahisoa tsa rona li fana ka kutloelo-bohloko e phahameng (bonyane likopi tse 400/mL), tlhahiso e phahameng, le ho hlaka ho hoholo.

Bekeng ea Tlhokomeliso ea Mafu a Kelello ea 2026 (La 12-18 Mmesa), Macro & Micro-Test e tiisa boitlamo ba eona ba ho tšehetsa tlhahlobo e felletseng ea mafu a kelello ea 2026 le ho nolofalletsa litsi tsa tlhokomelo ea bophelo ho amohela maano a mangata a thehiloeng ho NAAT - ho hatela pele hammoho ho ea lipheong tsa WHO tsa 2030 tsa ho fokotsa linyeoe tse ncha tsa syphilis, gonorrhea, chlamydia le trichomoniasis, le ho felisa seoa sa mafu a kelello ea 2026.
Khutso ha se polokeho— Macro & Micro-Test e fana ka lentsoe ho tšoaetso e khutsitseng.
Bakeng sa tlhahisoleseling e batsi:marketing@mmtest.com
Litšupiso
[1] Mokhatlo oa Lefatše oa Bophelo. Tataiso ea taolo ea mafu a tšoaetsanoang ka thobalano a se nang matšoao. Geneva: Mokhatlo oa Lefatše oa Bophelo; 2025.
[2] Mokhatlo oa Lefatše oa Bophelo. Litlhahiso mabapi le phano ea lits'ebeletso tsa bophelo bo botle bakeng sa thibelo le tlhokomelo ea mafu a tšoaetsanoang ka thobalano. Geneva: Mokhatlo oa Lefatše oa Bophelo; 2025.
[3] Mokhatlo oa Lefatše oa Bophelo. Buka ea tataiso e kopaneng ea ts'ebetso ea WHO mabapi le tšoaetso ea thobalano. Geneva: Mokhatlo oa Lefatše oa Bophelo; 2026.
[4] Mokhatlo oa Lefatše oa Bophelo. Kakaretso ea likhothaletso tsa WHO mabapi le liteko tsa HIV le tšoaetso ea thobalano, thibelo, kalafo, tlhokomelo le phano ea litšebeletso. Geneva: Mokhatlo oa Lefatše oa Bophelo; 2025.
[5] Mokhatlo oa Lefatše oa Bophelo. WHO e phatlalatsa nts'etsopele ea litataiso mabapi le liteko tsa multiplex. Geneva: Mokhatlo oa Lefatše oa Bophelo; 2025.
Nako ea poso: Mmesa-13-2026